Cov khoom siv dab tsi yog cov khoom siv yas?

Yas yog ib qho khoom siv tsis tseem ceeb hauv peb lub neej txhua hnub thiab nws nkag mus yuav luag txhua yam ntawm peb lub neej. Cov khoom siv dab tsi yog cov khoom siv yas? Los ntawm kev pom tshuaj, plastics yog ib hom khoom siv hluavtaws polymer, uas nws cov khoom tseem ceeb yog tsim los ntawm cov organic polymers. Kab lus no yuav txheeb xyuas kom meej txog qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab kev faib tawm ntawm cov yas thiab lawv cov kev siv dav hauv ntau qhov kev lag luam.
1. Kev sib xyaw thiab cov qauv tshuaj ntawm cov yas

Yuav kom nkag siab txog cov ntaub ntawv dab tsi plastics belongs rau, thawj yuav tsum nkag siab txog nws cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Yas yog tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv polymerization ntawm cov tshuaj macromolecular, feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur thiab lwm yam khoom. Cov ntsiab lus no tsim cov qauv saw ntev, hu ua polymers, los ntawm covalent bonds. Nyob ntawm lawv cov qauv tshuaj, cov yas tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob pawg loj: thermoplastics thiab thermosets.

Thermoplastics: Cov hom yas no soften thaum rhuab thiab rov qab mus rau lawv daim ntawv qub thaum txias, thiab rov ua cua sov thiab txias tsis hloov lawv cov qauv tshuaj. Cov thermoplastics feem ntau suav nrog polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), thiab polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

Thermosetting plastics: Tsis zoo li cov thermoplastics, cov thermosetting plastics yuav raug kev sib txuas ntawm cov tshuaj sib txuas tom qab thawj cov cua sov, tsim cov qauv peb sab uas tsis yog soluble lossis fusible, yog li ib zaug molded, lawv tsis tuaj yeem deformed los ntawm cua sov dua. Cov thermoset yas xws li phenolic resins (PF), epoxy resins (EP), thiab lwm yam.

2. Kev faib tawm thiab kev siv cov yas

Raws li lawv cov khoom thiab kev siv, cov yas tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb pawg: cov khoom siv dav dav, cov yas yas thiab cov yas tshwj xeeb.

Cov khoom siv dav dav: xws li polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), thiab lwm yam, yog siv dav hauv cov khoom ntim, khoom siv hauv tsev thiab lwm yam. Lawv yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus nqi qis, cov txheej txheem ntau lawm thiab tsim nyog rau ntau lawm.

Engineering plastics: xws li polycarbonate (PC), nylon (PA), thiab lwm yam. Cov yas no muaj cov khoom siv zoo heev thiab ua haujlwm kub, thiab siv dav hauv tsheb, khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob, cov khoom siv kho tshuab thiab lwm yam kev xav tau.

Cov yas tshwj xeeb: xws li polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), thiab lwm yam. Cov ntaub ntawv no feem ntau muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb, hluav taws xob rwb thaiv tsev lossis kub tsis kam, thiab siv dav hauv aerospace, khoom siv kho mob thiab lwm yam khoom siv high-tech.

3. Qhov zoo thiab qhov nyuaj ntawm cov yas

Plastics ua si lub luag haujlwm tsis tuaj yeem hloov pauv hauv kev lag luam niaj hnub vim lawv lub teeb yuag, siab zog thiab ua haujlwm yooj yim. Kev siv cov yas kuj coj cov teeb meem ib puag ncig. Raws li plastics nyuaj rau degrade, pov tseg plastics muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau ib puag ncig, yog li kev rov ua dua thiab rov siv cov yas tau dhau los ua kev txhawj xeeb thoob ntiaj teb.
Hauv kev lag luam, cov kws tshawb fawb tab tom tsim cov yas tshiab biodegradable nrog kev pom los txo cov kev puas tsuaj ib puag ncig ntawm cov pov tseg yas. Cov thev naus laus zis rau cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab kuj tau nce zuj zus, thiab cov thev naus laus zis no xav tias yuav txo qis tus nqi ntawm cov khoom siv yas thiab ib puag ncig kev nyuaj siab.

Xaus

Yas yog ib yam khoom siv polymer ua los ntawm cov organic polymers, uas tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov thermoplastic thiab thermosetting plastics raws li cov qauv tshuaj sib txawv thiab cov chaw siv. Nrog rau kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis, hom thiab kev siv ntawm cov yas tau nthuav dav, tab sis cov teeb meem ib puag ncig lawv coj tuaj yeem tsis quav ntsej. Kev nkag siab txog dab tsi cov ntaub ntawv plastics yuav tsis tsuas yog pab peb siv cov khoom no zoo dua, tab sis kuj txhawb peb kom tshawb nrhiav nws lub luag haujlwm hauv kev txhim kho kom ruaj khov.