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Khoom npe:Ethanol
Molecular hom:C2H6O
CAS Nr:64-17-5 ib
Cov khoom siv molecular:
Ethanol yog soluble hauv dej thiab cov kuab tshuaj organic, tab sis tsis zoo soluble hauv cov rog thiab roj. Ethanol nws tus kheej yog cov kuab tshuaj zoo, uas yog siv hauv tshuaj pleev ib ce, pleev xim thiab tinctures [2]. Qhov ceev ntawm ethanol ntawm 68 ° F (20 ° C) yog 789 g / l. Ntshiab ethanol yog nruab nrab (pH ~ 7). Cov dej cawv feem ntau muaj ntau dua lossis tsawg dua acidic.
Ethanol / ethyl cawv yog cov kua nplaum heev, hygroscopic, thiab tag nrho miscible hauv dej. Ethanol tsis sib haum nrog ntau cov tshuaj xws li cov tshuaj muaj zog oxidising, acids, alkali hlau, ammonia, hydrazine, peroxides, sodium, acid anhydrides, calcium hypochlorite, chromyl chloride, nitrosyl perchlorate, bromine pentafluoride, perchloric acid, silver nitrate, mercuric. nitrate, potassium tert-butoxide, magnesium perchlorate, acid chlorides, platinum, uranium hexafluoride, nyiaj oxide, iodine heptafluoride, acetyl bromide, disulphuryl difluoride, acetyl chloride, permanganic acid, ruthenium (VIII) oxide, uranyl perchlorate, thiab poov tshuaj dioxide.
Kho mob
Kev daws ntawm 70-85% ntawm ethanol feem ntau yog siv los ua tshuaj tua kab mob thiab tua cov kab mob los ntawm denaturing lawv cov proteins thiab dissolving lawv lipids. Nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau feem ntau cov kab mob thiab cov fungi, thiab ntau yam kab mob, tab sis tsis zoo tiv thaiv kab mob spores. Cov cuab yeej tshuaj tua kab mob no ntawm ethanol yog vim li cas cov dej cawv tuaj yeem khaws cia tau ntev [9]. Ethanol kuj muaj ntau yam kev siv kho mob, thiab tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv cov khoom xws li tshuaj, cov ntaub so ntswg kho mob thiab ua cov tshuaj tua kab mob hauv feem ntau cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntawm tes. Ethanal kuj tseem siv tau los ua tshuaj tua kab mob. Nws muaj kev sib tw thaiv kev tsim cov tshuaj lom metabolites hauv kev haus cawv cawv los ntawm kev muaj kev sib raug zoo dua rau cov enzyme Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH). Nws daim ntawv thov tseem ceeb yog nyob rau hauv methanol thiab ethylene glycol ingestions. Ethanol tuaj yeem tswj hwm los ntawm qhov ncauj, nasogastric lossis txoj hlab ntshav kom tswj tau cov ntshav ethanol concentration ntawm 100-150 mg / dl (22-33 mol / L).
Roj
Ethanol yog flammable thiab hlawv ntau huv si dua li ntau lwm yam roj. Ethanol tau siv hauv tsheb txij li Henry Ford tsim nws xyoo 1908 Model T los ua haujlwm ntawm cawv. Hauv tebchaws Brazil thiab Tebchaws Meskas, kev siv ethanol los ntawm cov suab thaj thiab cov nplej ua cov roj tsheb tau txhawb nqa los ntawm tsoomfwv cov haujlwm [11]. Qhov kev pabcuam Brazilian ethanol tau pib ua ib txoj hauv kev los txo qhov kev cia siab ntawm cov roj ntshuam, tab sis tsis ntev nws tau pom tias nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ib puag ncig thiab kev sib raug zoo [12]. Cov khoom combusted tag nrho ntawm ethanol tsuas yog carbon dioxide thiab dej. Vim li no, nws yog ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg thiab tau siv roj tsheb npav pej xeem hauv Asmeskas. Txawm li cas los xij, ntshiab ethanol tawm tsam qee yam khoom siv roj hmab thiab yas thiab tsis tuaj yeem siv rau hauv lub tsheb tsis hloov pauv.
Cov roj uas muaj cawv-raws li lwm yam roj uas yog sib xyaw nrog roj av los tsim cov roj uas muaj qhov ntsuas octane siab dua thiab tsawg dua cov pa phem ntau dua li cov roj av uas tsis tau sib xyaw. Ib qho sib xyaw uas muaj roj av nrog tsawg kawg 10% ethanol yog hu ua gasohol. Tshwj xeeb, roj av nrog 10% ethanol cov ntsiab lus yog hu ua E10. Lwm hom roj av ntau hom yog E15, uas muaj 15% ethanol thiab 85% roj av. E15 tsuas yog tsim nyog rau kev siv hauv Flex Fuel tsheb lossis ib feem me me ntawm cov tsheb tshiab tshaj plaws [14]. Tsis tas li ntawd, E85 yog ib lo lus siv rau kev sib xyaw ntawm 15% roj av thiab 85% ethanol. E85 ua kom cov roj ua kom huv si vim tias nws hlawv huv dua li cov pa roj lossis diesel thiab tsis tso tseg cov gummy deposits. Pib nrog tus qauv xyoo 1999, ntau lub tsheb hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas tau tsim kom muaj peev xwm khiav ntawm E85 roj yam tsis muaj kev hloov kho. Cov tsheb no feem ntau tau sau cov roj ob lossis cov tsheb hloov tau yooj yim, txij li lawv tuaj yeem ntes cov roj thiab hloov lub cav tus cwj pwm kom them nyiaj rau ntau txoj hauv kev uas lawv hlawv hauv lub tog raj kheej lub cav.
Kev siv cov ethanol-diesel roj sib xyaw yog loj hlob thoob plaws ntiaj teb, thiab tau tsim los muab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob txuas ntxiv, huv si rau cov khoom siv off-road, tsheb npav, tsheb thauj mus los thiab lwm yam tsheb uas khiav ntawm cov roj diesel. Nrog rau qhov sib ntxiv ntawm ethanol thiab lwm yam roj additives rau diesel, cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide dub tau raug tshem tawm thiab muaj kev txo qis hauv cov teeb meem, carbon monoxide, thiab nitrogen oxide emissions. Nws tseem tuaj yeem siv ethanol rau kev ua noj ua haus los hloov ntoo, charcoal, propane, los yog hloov cov roj teeb, xws li roj av.
Brazil thiab Tebchaws Meskas ua tus thawj coj hauv kev lag luam ntawm ethanol roj, suav nrog 89% ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev tsim khoom hauv xyoo 2008. Hauv kev sib piv nrog Tebchaws Asmeskas thiab Brazil, Tebchaws Europe ethanol rau roj ntau lawm tseem yog me me. Brazil yog lub ntiaj teb thib ob loj tshaj plaws cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm ethanol roj thiab lub ntiaj teb loj tshaj plaws exporter.
Haus dej
Cov ntim tseem ceeb ntawm ethanol yog tsim rau cov dej haus thiab kev lag luam kev lag luam los ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb feedstock. Ethanol ua rau cov kev lag luam no txawv ntawm ethanol rau roj tsuas yog nyob rau hauv nws lub zog, uas muaj peev xwm sib txawv ntawm 96% thiab 99.9% thiab nyob rau hauv nws purity, nyob ntawm seb qhov kawg siv. Kev lag luam dej haus thiab dej haus yuav yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws-paub cov neeg siv ethanol. Nws yog siv los ua ntau hom dab, xws li vodka, gin thiab anisette. Cov txheej txheem siab thiab cov txheej txheem yuav tsum muaj rau ethanal siv hauv kev tsim cov dej qab zib.
Lwm tus
Cov ethanol siv los ua cov khoom lag luam nruab nrab los ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg, tshuaj lossis tshuaj pleev ib ce yog nyob rau hauv ntau qhov kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws thiab zoo tshaj plaws. Cov no yog cov lag luam hwm vim yog cov kauj ruam ntxiv hauv cov txheej txheem cawv uas tsim nyog kom ua tiav qhov kev xav tau purity. Tib cov qauv siab thiab purity yuav tsum tau siv rau hauv kev lag luam khoom noj, xws li tsw thiab aromas extraction thiab concentrations, nrog rau cov xim thiab cov ntsuas kub. Ethanol tuaj yeem siv rau hauv de-icer lossis los tiv thaiv khov kom tshem tawm lub tsheb cua tshuab. Nws kuj muaj nyob rau hauv perfumes, deodorants, thiab lwm yam tshuaj pleev ib ce
Chemwin tuaj yeem muab ntau hom hydrocarbons thiab cov kuab tshuaj tshuaj lom neeg rau cov neeg siv khoom.Ua ntej ntawd, thov nyeem cov lus qhia hauv qab no txog kev ua lag luam nrog peb:
1. Kev ruaj ntseg
Kev nyab xeeb yog peb qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Ntxiv nrog rau kev muab cov neeg siv khoom paub txog kev nyab xeeb thiab ib puag ncig tus phooj ywg siv peb cov khoom, peb kuj tau cog lus los xyuas kom meej tias kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab cov neeg cog lus raug txo qis rau qhov tsim nyog thiab ua tau yam tsawg kawg nkaus. Yog li, peb xav kom tus neeg siv khoom kom ntseeg tau tias qhov tsim nyog tshem tawm thiab khaws cov qauv kev nyab xeeb tau ua tiav ua ntej peb xa khoom (thov xa mus rau HSSE appendix nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus dav dav thiab kev muag khoom hauv qab no). Peb cov kws tshaj lij HSSE tuaj yeem muab kev taw qhia txog cov qauv no.
2. Txoj kev xa khoom
Cov neeg siv khoom tuaj yeem xaj thiab xa cov khoom los ntawm chemwin, lossis lawv tuaj yeem tau txais cov khoom los ntawm peb cov chaw tsim khoom. Cov hom kev thauj mus los muaj xws li tsheb thauj mus los, tsheb ciav hlau lossis kev thauj mus los ntau yam (xws li kev sib cais).
Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov neeg yuav tsum tau, peb muaj peev xwm qhia kom meej qhov yuav tsum tau ntawm barges los yog tankers thiab siv tshwj xeeb kev nyab xeeb / tshuaj xyuas cov qauv thiab cov kev cai.
3. Yam tsawg kawg nkaus kom muaj nuj nqis
Yog tias koj yuav khoom los ntawm peb lub vev xaib, qhov kev txiav txim yam tsawg kawg nkaus yog 30 tons.
4. Kev them nyiaj
Txoj kev them nyiaj tus qauv yog txiav tawm ncaj qha hauv 30 hnub txij li daim ntawv xa nyiaj.
5. Cov ntaub ntawv xa tuaj
Cov ntaub ntawv hauv qab no tau muab nrog rau txhua qhov kev xa khoom:
· Bill of Lading, CMR Waybill lossis lwm yam ntaub ntawv thauj mus los
· Certificate of Analysis los yog Conformity (yog xav tau)
· Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog HSSE raws li txoj cai
· Cov ntaub ntawv kev lis kev cai raws li txoj cai (yog tias xav tau)